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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Pious fraud ： ウィキペディア英語版 Pious fraud Pious fraud (Latin: ''pia fraus'') is used to describe fraud in religion or medicine. A pious fraud can be counterfeiting a miracle or falsely attributing a sacred text to a biblical figure due to the belief that the "end justifies the means", in this case the end of increasing faith by whatever means available. ==Use of the phrase== The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' reports the phrase was first used in English in 1678. Edward Gibbon was particularly fond of the phrase, using it often in his monumental and controversial work ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' in which he criticized the likelihood of some of the martyrs and miracles of the early Christian church. William W. Howells wrote that shamans know that their tricks are impostures, but that all who studied them agree that they really believe in their power to deal with spirits. According to Howells, their main purpose is an honest one and they believe that this justifies the means of hoodwinking his followers in minor technical matters.〔William Howells, 1962. ''The Heathens: Primitive Man and his Religions'' New York: National Museum of American History () in Robert S. Ellwood ''Civilized Shamans: Sacred Biography and Founders of New Religious Movements'', in ''New Religions in a Postmodern World'' edited by Mikael Rothstein and Reender Kranenborg (Studies in New Religions Aarhus University Press) 2003 ISBN 87-7288-748-6〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pious fraud」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.